The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious cup on 14 separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired twice in the closing moments to take a shock advantage. First, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the dying moments to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a 4-1 penalty victory.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 seasons.